{"id":173484251,"date":"2014-08-23T16:59:58","date_gmt":"2014-08-23T16:59:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/?p=173484251"},"modified":"2014-08-23T17:56:18","modified_gmt":"2014-08-23T17:56:18","slug":"teorie-kvalitniho-prekladu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/?p=173484251","title":{"rendered":"Teorie kvalitn\u00edho p\u0159ekladu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V minul\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku jsem se pro laiky i za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ekladatele pokusila nast\u00ednit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bl dodr\u017eovat kvalitn\u00ed p\u0159eklad. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku bych r\u00e1da n\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto rys\u016f podrobn\u011bji rozebrala a p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eila v\u00e1m n\u011bco z teorie p\u0159ekladu, zejm\u00e9na f\u00e1ze p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00e9ho procesu, problematiku v\u011brn\u00e9ho a voln\u00e9ho p\u0159ekladu a ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekladu jazykem origin\u00e1lu. V \u010dl\u00e1nku cituji hlavn\u011b Ji\u0159\u00edho Lev\u00e9ho, jeho\u017e Um\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ekladu je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za teoretick\u00fd z\u00e1klad \u010desk\u00e9ho p\u0159ekladatelstv\u00ed, a d\u00e1le tak\u00e9 Zlatu Kufnerovou, A. Chestermanna a E. Wagnerovou.<!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>1) Kr\u00e1tce o p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00e9m procesu<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli jste n\u011bkdy o tom, jak vlastn\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 proces p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed? Teoretikov\u00e9 p\u0159ekladu se p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00fd proces ji\u017e \u010dastokr\u00e1t sna\u017eili zanalyzovat a popsat, abychom mohli pochopit, jak p\u0159eklad vlastn\u011b vznik\u00e1. Nap\u0159\u00edklad dle <strong>Ji\u0159\u00edho<\/strong> <strong>Lev\u00e9ho<\/strong> (1963) m\u016f\u017eeme proces p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed f\u00e1z\u00ed: <strong>pochopen\u00ed p\u0159edlohy<\/strong>, <strong>interpretace p\u0159edlohy<\/strong> a <strong>p\u0159estylizov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> <strong>p\u0159edlohy<\/strong>. V prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi pochopen\u00ed p\u0159edlohy mus\u00ed p\u0159ekladatel pochopit text, spr\u00e1vn\u011b jej p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst a tak\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b beletrie pochopit postavy, d\u011bj a ideov\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br autora. Dobr\u00fd p\u0159eklad by tedy nem\u011bl obsahovat myln\u00e9 asociace, p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eet n\u00e1ladov\u00e9 lad\u011bn\u00ed d\u00edla a m\u011bl by spr\u00e1vn\u011b vystihnout postavy, d\u011bj, vlastnosti postav a vztahy mezi postavami. V druh\u00e9 f\u00e1zi dle Lev\u00e9ho (1963) doch\u00e1z\u00ed k interpretaci p\u0159edlohy, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9 by p\u0159ekladatel nem\u011bl text kreativn\u011b upravovat podle sebe (nap\u0159. vkl\u00e1dat \u010desk\u00e9 re\u00e1lie do americk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed). Ve t\u0159et\u00ed f\u00e1zi (p\u0159estylizov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edlohy) Lev\u00fd (1963) uv\u00e1d\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 mohou nastat p\u0159i p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>jazyk origin\u00e1lu a jazyk p\u0159ekladu nejsou srovnateln\u00e9, ka\u017ed\u00fd jazyk m\u00e1 jin\u00e9 vyjad\u0159ovac\u00ed mo\u017enosti (\u010de\u0161tina m\u016f\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvat nap\u0159. zdrobn\u011bliny, co\u017e angli\u010dtina nem\u016f\u017ee).<\/li>\n<li>vliv jazyka origin\u00e1lu na p\u0159eklad (v\u00edce v bodu 3)<\/li>\n<li>nap\u011bt\u00ed ve stylu p\u0159ekladu, jeliko\u017e my\u0161lenka se p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00ed do jazyka, ve kter\u00e9m nebyla vytvo\u0159ena. P\u0159ekladatel si tohoto nap\u011bt\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bdom, stejn\u011b tak jako sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho tv\u016fr\u010d\u00edho nad\u00e1n\u00ed a kreativity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vyhotoven\u00edm p\u0159ekladu ale cel\u00fd proces zdaleka nekon\u010d\u00ed. P\u0159eklad toti\u017e funguje, pouze pokud je n\u011bk\u00fdm \u010dten. Hotov\u00fd p\u0159eklad je tedy v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b <strong>vn\u00edm\u00e1n \u010dten\u00e1\u0159em<\/strong>, jen\u017e p\u0159eklad subjektivn\u011b posuzuje v kontextu doby, sv\u00fdch z\u00e1lib, politick\u00e9ho p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed atd. P\u0159ekladatel tedy mus\u00ed po\u010d\u00edtat se \u010dten\u00e1\u0159em, pro kter\u00e9ho p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1, a proto p\u0159eklad zastar\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dasto rychleji ne\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad Shakespearovy hry s obecn\u011b platn\u00fdmi t\u00e9maty.<\/p>\n<p>Kvalitn\u00ed p\u0159eklad by tedy nem\u011bl otrocky kop\u00edrovat strukturu zdrojov\u00e9ho jazyka, m\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edvat bohatosti \u010de\u0161tiny (kde je to vhodn\u00e9) a m\u00e1 se \u010d\u00edst plynule a p\u0159irozen\u011b. Krom\u011b ur\u010dit\u00fdch v\u00fdjimek ho lze \u010d\u00edst jako origin\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd text.<\/p>\n<p><em>Pozn.: Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existuj\u00ed oblasti, kde je p\u0159ekladovost v\u00fdhodou \u010di nutnost\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad u anglick\u00e9ho rom\u00e1nu \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee bude zasazen do anglick\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 tedy s t\u00edm, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159eklad.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>2) Voln\u00fd, nebo v\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159eklad?<\/h2>\n<p>Tato ot\u00e1zka je star\u00e1 jako p\u0159ekladatelstv\u00ed samo a odpov\u011bd\u00ed je na ni tolik, kolik je p\u0159ekladatel\u016f. Debat, zda by p\u0159eklad m\u011bl b\u00fdt v\u011brn\u00fd \u010di voln\u00fd (tzn., zda by m\u011bl p\u0159eklad v\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1sledovat origin\u00e1l, nebo naopak jej vykl\u00e1dat voln\u011bji), prob\u011bhlo v historii nepo\u010d\u00edtan\u011b. V 17. stolet\u00ed ve Francii byly nap\u0159\u00edklad propagov\u00e1ny p\u0159eklady velmi voln\u00e9. P\u0159eklady do francouz\u0161tiny byly v t\u00e9to dob\u011b domestikov\u00e1ny a adaptov\u00e1ny, aby p\u016fsobily \u201efrancouzsky\u201c, jeliko\u017e francouzsk\u00e9 ide\u00e1ly byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za nad\u0159azen\u00e9 ostatn\u00edm (Chestermann &amp; Wagner, 2002).<\/p>\n<p>Jako p\u0159\u00edklad z \u010desk\u00e9 historie mohu uv\u00e9st rozd\u00edly mezi p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm<strong> Josefa V\u00e1clava Sl\u00e1dka\u00a0<\/strong>a <strong>Jaroslava Vrchlick\u00e9ho,<\/strong> kte\u0159\u00ed psali a p\u0159ekl\u00e1dali koncem 19. stolet\u00ed. Skupina p\u0159ekladatel\u016f kolem Vrchlick\u00e9ho propagovala voln\u00fd p\u0159eklad, kter\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 m\u016f\u017ee vn\u00edmat jako origin\u00e1l. Naopak skupina kolem J. V. Sl\u00e1dka propagovala obsah a p\u0159esnost v\u00fdznamu \u2013 tedy postup v\u011brn\u00fd (Lev\u00fd, 1996).<br \/>\nJak postup v\u011brn\u00fd, tak postup voln\u00fd tedy m\u011bl v historii sv\u00e9 zast\u00e1nce i odp\u016frce. Co je tedy ale spr\u00e1vn\u011b? Lev\u00fd (1996) zmi\u0148uje, \u017ee <strong>po\u017eadavky kr\u00e1sy a v\u011brnosti se nevylu\u010duj\u00ed<\/strong>, ale jsou oba nepostradateln\u00e9 \u2013 jen je t\u0159eba d\u00e1vat pozor, aby se kr\u00e1sa nezvrhla v k\u00fd\u010d a v\u011brnost v doslovnost. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je ve v\u00fdsledku pravdivost textu.<\/p>\n<h2>3) Ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekladu zdrojov\u00fdm jazykem<\/h2>\n<p>Ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekladu jazykem origin\u00e1lu se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <strong>interference<\/strong> a velmi n\u00e1zorn\u011b o n\u00ed mluv\u00ed\u00a0<strong>Zlata Kufnerov\u00e1<\/strong> (2009). Ur\u010dit\u011b jste na interferenci ji\u017e n\u011bkdy narazili \u2013 velmi \u010dasto se objevuje nap\u0159\u00edklad v nekvalitn\u00edch filmov\u00fdch titulc\u00edch \u010di dabingu, reklam\u00e1ch a i v nekvalitn\u011b p\u0159elo\u017een\u00e9 beletrii. K rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed interference se hod\u00ed zn\u00e1t ciz\u00ed jazyk, ale i \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 bez znalosti zdrojov\u00e9ho jazyka si m\u016f\u017ee v textu v\u0161imnout ne\u010desk\u00fdch obrat\u016f. Kufnerov\u00e1 (2009) uv\u00e1d\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed interference:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed stup\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch jmen a p\u0159\u00edslovc\u00ed\n<ul>\n<li>v\u00edce nep\u0159ijateln\u00fd (<strong>spr\u00e1vn\u011b<\/strong>: nep\u0159ijateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>chybn\u00e9 p\u0159edlo\u017ekov\u00e9 vazby\n<ul>\n<li>jednal p\u0159es telefon (<strong>spr\u00e1vn\u011b<\/strong>: po telefonu)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159em\u00edra pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00edch z\u00e1jmen\n<ul>\n<li>jej\u00ed o\u010di p\u00e1traly v jeho obli\u010deji (<strong>spr\u00e1vn\u011b<\/strong>: o\u010dima mu p\u00e1trala v obli\u010deji)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch dokonav\u00fdch sloves\n<ul>\n<li>budu alespo\u0148 jednou tan\u010dit (<strong>spr\u00e1vn\u011b<\/strong>: alespo\u0148 jednou si zatan\u010d\u00edm)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kvalitn\u00ed p\u0159eklad by tedy m\u011bl obsahovat \u010desk\u00e9 kolokace a idiomy (viz slovn\u00ed\u010dek n\u00ed\u017ee), ne jejich doslovn\u00e9 p\u0159eklady z ciz\u00edho jazyka. P\u0159ekladatel by se m\u011bl vyznat v ust\u00e1len\u00fdch fr\u00e1z\u00edch jazyk\u016f, ze kter\u00fdch p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1, a b\u00fdt schopen nap\u0159. kreativn\u011b nahradit slovn\u00ed spojen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se v c\u00edlov\u00e9m jazyce nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jak je tedy vidno, p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed nijak jednoduch\u00fd proces a kvalita samotn\u00e9ho p\u0159elo\u017een\u00e9ho textu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mnoha faktorech \u2013 jak p\u0159ekladatel pracuje, jak\u00e9 metody pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, zda si je v\u011bdom interference, zda mysl\u00ed na \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, m\u00e1 jazykov\u00fd cit pro \u010de\u0161tinu a spoust\u011b dal\u0161\u00edho. Nejen bohat\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 znalosti, ale i v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, kulturn\u00ed rozhled, znalosti d\u011bjin, zem\u011bpisu a pov\u011bdom\u00ed o teorii p\u0159ekladu m\u016f\u017ee na konci p\u0159isp\u011bt k tomu, zda vznikne dobr\u00fd, nebo \u0161patn\u00fd p\u0159eklad.<\/p>\n<p>Souhlas\u00edte s teori\u00ed Ji\u0159\u00edho Lev\u00e9ho? Jak p\u0159esn\u011b pracujete, kdy\u017e p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1te? Jste si v\u011bdomi n\u011bjak\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00ed \u010di zab\u011bhan\u00fdch postup\u016f? Co si mysl\u00edte o voln\u00e9m a v\u011brn\u00e9m p\u0159ekladu? A nar\u00e1\u017e\u00edte \u010dasto v \u010desk\u00fdch textech \u010di dabingu na interference? Budu se t\u011b\u0161it na va\u0161e koment\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pozn.<\/strong>: Pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1 \u010desk\u00e1 historie p\u0159ekladatelstv\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eu v\u00e1s odk\u00e1zat na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed d\u00edla:<\/p>\n<p>Lev\u00fd, J. (1996). \u010cesk\u00e9 teorie p\u0159ekladu: v\u00fdvoj p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00fdch teori\u00ed a metod v \u010desk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e. Praha: \u017delezn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Hrala, Milan (Ed.). (2002). Kapitoly z d\u011bjin \u010desk\u00e9ho p\u0159ekladu. Praha: Karolinum.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b tak\u00e9 na svou\u00a0diplomku (v angli\u010dtin\u011b) s n\u00e1zvem <em>A Quantitative Perspective on the History of Czech Literary Translations from English to Czech<\/em> (voln\u011b dostupn\u00e1 na http:\/\/is.muni.cz\/th\/330898\/ff_m\/)<\/p>\n<h3>Slovn\u00ed\u010dek<\/h3>\n<p><strong>kolokace<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kolokac\u00ed (d\u0159\u00edve se u\u017e\u00edval term\u00edn slovn\u00ed spojen\u00ed) se v r\u00e1mci korpusov\u00e9 lingvistiky nej\u010dast\u011bji rozum\u00ed smyslupln\u00e9, ust\u00e1len\u00e9, syntagmatick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed dvou (nebo v\u00edc) slovn\u00edch tvar\u016f (n\u011bkdy cel\u00fdch lex\u00e9m\u016f) v bl\u00edzk\u00e9m kontextu.<\/li>\n<li>nap\u0159. strou\u017eek \u010desneku<br \/>\n<span style=\"line-height: 1.714285714; font-size: 1rem;\">(Zdroj: http:\/\/wiki.korpus.cz\/doku.php\/pojmy:kolokace)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Idiom<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Idiom (z \u0159ec. idi\u00f3ma, jazykov\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost) je ust\u00e1len\u00fd v\u00edceslovn\u00fd v\u00fdraz \u010di fraz\u00e9m, jeho\u017e v\u00fdznam nelze odvodit z b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch v\u00fdznam\u016f slov, z nich\u017e se skl\u00e1d\u00e1. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdznam idiomu \u201eztratit hlavu\u201c nesouvis\u00ed s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem slova hlava, &#8222;nechat na holi\u010dk\u00e1ch&#8220; obsahuje slovo, kter\u00e9 se jinak v jazyce nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1.<br \/>\n(Zdroj: http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idiom)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Zdroje<\/h2>\n<p>Kufnerov\u00e1, Z. (2009). \u010cten\u00ed o p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Jino\u010dany: H &amp; H.<br \/>\nLev\u00fd, J. (1996). \u010cesk\u00e9 teorie p\u0159ekladu: v\u00fdvoj p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00fdch teori\u00ed a metod v \u010desk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e. Praha: \u017delezn\u00fd.<br \/>\nLev\u00fd, J. (1963). Um\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ekladu. Praha: \u017delezn\u00fd.<br \/>\nChestermann, A. &amp; Wagner, E. (2002). Can theory help translators? UK: St. Jerome Publishing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V minul\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku jsem se pro laiky i za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ekladatele pokusila nast\u00ednit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bl dodr\u017eovat kvalitn\u00ed p\u0159eklad. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku bych r\u00e1da n\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto rys\u016f podrobn\u011bji rozebrala a p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eila v\u00e1m n\u011bco z teorie p\u0159ekladu, zejm\u00e9na f\u00e1ze p\u0159ekladatelsk\u00e9ho procesu, problematiku v\u011brn\u00e9ho a voln\u00e9ho p\u0159ekladu a ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekladu jazykem origin\u00e1lu. V \u010dl\u00e1nku cituji [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-173484251","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"lenka.krafkova","author_link":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/?author=1"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173484251","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=173484251"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173484251\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":173484259,"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/173484251\/revisions\/173484259"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=173484251"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=173484251"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kontext.jsemlenka.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=173484251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}